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Rubber — Determination of ash — Part 2: Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (ISO 247-2:2018, IDT)
MS ISO 247-2:2020
Status : Original
Format : PDF

This document specifies two methods for the determination of ash from raw rubbers, compounded
rubbers and vulcanizates using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA).
The methods are applicable ....Read more to raw, compounded or vulcanized rubbers of the M, O, R and U families
described in ISO 1629:
— Method A is applicable for the determination of the ash from raw rubbers.
— Method B is applicable for the determination of the ash from compounded or vulcanized rubbers.
The methods are not applicable for the determination of the ash from raw rubbers, compounded or
vulcanized rubbers containing chlorine, bromine or iodine.
This document does not cover the interpretation of the ash results from the inorganic chemical contents
of compounded or vulcanized rubbers. Close

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Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of hardness - Part 9: Calibration and verification of hardness testers (ISO 48-9:2018, IDT)
MS ISO 48-9:2020
Status : Original
Format : PDF

This document specifies procedures for the calibration and verification of durometers of types A, D, AO
and AM (see ISO 48-4), IRHD pocket meters (see ISO 48-5), IRHD dead-load instruments (see ....Read more ISO 48-2)
and dead-load instruments using the very low rubber hardness scale (see ISO 48-3). Close

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Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of hardness - Part 8: Apparent hardness of rubber-covered rollers by Pusey and Jones method (ISO 48-8:2018, IDT)
MS ISO 48-8:2020
Status : Original
Format : PDF

This document specifies a method for the determination of the apparent hardness of vulcanized- or
thermoplastic-rubber roller covers, expressed as the Pusey and Jones indentation value.
Th ....Read more e Pusey and Jones plastometer apparatus is used to measure the depth of indentation of an
indentor under a specified force into the surface of the rubber. The indentation value is not the same
as that measured by the international rubber hardness test method ISO 48-2, since in this method
the rubber immediately adjacent to the indentor is precompressed. The Pusey and Jones indentation
value is an inverse measurement of hardness, i.e. the harder the rubber the lower the Pusey and Jones
indentation value. Close

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Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of hardness - Part 7: Apparent hardness of rubber-covered rollers by Shore-type durometer method (ISO 48-7:2018, IDT)
MS ISO 48-7:2020
Status : Original
Format : PDF

This document specifies a method for the determination of the apparent hardness of vulcanized- or
thermoplastic-rubber roller covers, expressed in Shore hardness, for measurement where only medi ....Read more um
precision is required. The method and apparatus used are essentially those described in ISO 48-4, the
measurements in this case being made on the curved surface of the conditioned rubber-covered roller
rather than on a flat test piece. Shore type A and type D instruments are specified, the latter being used
for measurements on rollers of high hardness.
NOTE With some rollers, there can be significant variation in the thickness of the rubber over the surface of
the roller, which could affect the measured apparent hardness. Close

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Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of hardness - Part 6: Apparent hardness of rubber-covered rollers by IRHD method (ISO 48-6:2018, IDT)
MS ISO 48-6:2020
Status : Original
Format : PDF

This document specifies a method for the determination of the apparent hardness, expressed in
International Rubber Hardness Degrees (IRHD), of vulcanized- or thermoplastic-rubber roller covers.< ....Read more br /> The method is similar in principle to the methods used for the determination of the hardness of rubber
in ISO 48-2 in that it consists essentially of measuring the depth of penetration of a spherical indentor
operating under a specified force. The apparatus used is similar to that described in ISO 48-2, having a
base specifically designed for application to roller covers and similar curved surfaces.
NOTE With some rollers, there can be significant variation in the thickness of the rubber over the surface of
the roller, which could affect the measured apparent hardness. Close

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Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of hardness - Part 5: Indentation hardness by IRHD pocket meter method (ISO 48-5:2018, IDT)
MS ISO 48-5:2020
Status : Original
Format : PDF

This document specifies a method for determining the indentation hardness of vulcanized or
thermoplastic rubber by means of a pocket hardness meter calibrated in IRHD. The use of such meters is< ....Read more br /> primarily intended for control, not specification, purposes (for specification, see ISO 48-2). It is possible
to increase precision by fixing the pocket hardness meter on a support. Close

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Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of hardness - Part 4: Indentation hardness by durometer method (Shore hardness) (ISO 48-4:2018, IDT)
MS ISO 48-4:2020
Status : Original
Format : PDF

This document specifies a method for determining the indentation hardness (Shore hardness) of
vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber using durometers with the following scales:
— the A scale ....Read more for rubbers in the normal-hardness range;
— the D scale for rubbers in the high-hardness range;
— the AO scale for rubbers in the low-hardness range and for cellular rubbers;
— the AM scale for thin rubber test pieces in the normal-hardness range. Close

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Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of hardness - Part 3: Dead-load hardness using the very low rubber hardness (VLRH) scale (ISO 48-3:2018, IDT)
MS ISO 48-3:2020
Status : Original
Format : PDF

This document specifies a dead-load method for the determination of the hardness of very soft
vulcanized or thermoplastic rubbers using the very low rubber hardness (VLRH) scale.
The relat ....Read more ion between the depth of penetration and the VLRH scale is linear. Close

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Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of hardness - Part 2: Hardness between 10 IRHD and 100 IRHD (ISO 48-2:2018, IDT)
MS ISO 48-2:2020
Status : Original
Format : PDF

This document specifies four methods for the determination of the hardness of vulcanized or
thermoplastic rubbers on flat surfaces (standard-hardness methods) and four methods for the
dete ....Read more rmination of the apparent hardness of curved surfaces (apparent-hardness methods). The hardness
is expressed in international rubber hardness degrees (IRHD). The methods cover the hardness range
from 10 IRHD to 100 IRHD.
These methods differ primarily in the diameter of the indenting ball and the magnitude of the indenting
force, these being chosen to suit the particular application. The range of applicability of each method is
indicated in Figure 1.
This document does not specify a method for the determination of hardness by a pocket hardness
meter, which is described in ISO 48-5.
This document specifies the following four methods for the determination of standard hardness.
— Method N (normal test) is appropriate for rubbers with a hardness in the range 35 IRHD to 85 IRHD,
but can also be used for hardnesses in the range 30 IRHD to 95 IRHD.
— Method H (high-hardness test) is appropriate for rubbers with a hardness in the range 85 IRHD to
100 IRHD.
— Method L (low-hardness test) is appropriate for rubbers with a hardness in the range 10 IRHD to
35 IRHD.
— Method M (microtest) is essentially a scaled-down version of the normal test method N, permitting
the testing of thinner and smaller test pieces. It is appropriate for rubbers with a hardness in the
range 35 IRHD to 85 IRHD, but can also be used for hardnesses in the range 30 IRHD to 95 IRHD.
NOTE 1 The value of the hardness obtained by method N within the ranges 85 IRHD to 95 IRHD and 30 IRHD to
35 IRHD might not agree precisely with that obtained using method H or method L, respectively. The difference
is not normally significant for technical purposes.
NOTE 2 Because of various surface effects in the rubber and the possibility of slight surface roughness
(produced, for example, by buffing), the microtest might not always give results agreeing with those obtained by
the normal test. Close

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Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of hardness - Part 1: Introduction and guidance (ISO 48-1:2018, IDT)
MS ISO 48-1:2020
Status : Original
Format : PDF

This document provides guidance on the determination of the hardness of vulcanized and thermoplastic
rubbers.
It is intended to provide an understanding of the significance of hardness as ....Read more a material property and to
assist in the selection of an appropriate test method. Close

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